写在前面¶
结论是一篇科研论文与读者“见面”机会比较大的一个部分。很多读者看完摘要以后就直接看结论部分。现在很多作者的结论写作基本上是照抄结果与分析部分，所以感觉其写作过程比较“简单”。但这样的处理手法减弱了结论部分独特的影响和意义，不仅不能起到积极的意义，反而可能造成读者或者审稿人的误解，从而影响论文的最终走向。一个好的结论是整体文章的升华过程，也是全篇论文中“最难”的部分。下面我们来介绍怎么写作一个好的结论。
结论的主要种类¶
目前结论部分比较通用的形式主要有三种，以下分别进行介绍。
结论部分的主要内容¶
这里以说明性结论为例来说明结论部分的主要内容有哪些。其中需要强调的是结论是论文中一个独立的部分，其写作需要达到读者在单独看结论时可以看懂。
主要的写作误区¶
结论部分应该作为一个独立的部分，高度概括以及升华论文中分析得到的结论。本节中尽可能的结合例子来说明结论写作中遇到的一些典型的误区。
非独立性。这个是最常见的误区之一，一般反映在缺乏背景介绍、直接使用缩写词、以及关键信息缺失。缺乏背景介绍或者关键信息(比如研究方法等)这个可以参考本文中第二节的内容进行检查。另外缩写词直接使用，比如突然来一个ABC，这样使不熟悉的读者需要翻查全文才知道其具体含义。这些信息的缺失使读者在单独阅读结论造成障碍，从而影响阅读体验。
重复正文的内容。这个也是常见的误区，这样使结论只是一个总结性的罗列，无法升华该研究论文，从而造成了结论的片面性或者局限性。这个地方应该着重研究分析背后所反映的结论，而不是仅仅是数据罗列而已。
比如“It was obtained from our experiments that the density of the analysed soil in Sydney is around 1500 kg/m3, compared to 2000 kg/m3 in Melbourne.”如果把这句话简单复制到结论部分，这个并没有任何意义，也没有完成论文结论的升华。所以在总结结论时，我们要分析其背后实际表示的含义，可以改为“It was known that the soil density in Melbourne is about 33.3% higher than that of Sydney. This may be because of the varied moisture contents and porosities under the different weather conditions.”
格式不明确。有些结论只有简单一段。除了这种格式以外，建议将主要结论分主题来表达，而且每个主题建议分段或者使用项目符号按要点来单独表示。这样各个主题的结论都单独分来，阅读起来更加容易。
过多的重复背景资料。虽然结论部分是独立的，但过多的背景知识介绍会冲淡论文的主要观点。所以建议1-2句话表达研究背景或者挑战就可以了。
复杂而冗长。主要的格式可以参考本文的第二节，需要做到条理清楚。另外建议结论部分需要非常精炼简洁，一般最好不超过300词。如果有较长的结论分析，可以在结论前面单独增加Discussion或者Implementation的章节。
引用文献。在结论中引用文献虽然没有被官方明确禁止，而且我们偶尔也会看到有些论文结论部分有引用文献，但一般不建议在结论部分引用。主要有两个原因：给读者一个数据分析不充分的感觉；如果结论部分需要引用文献，这样削弱了文章的创新性。
道歉体。这个不是一个常见的误区，但偶尔也会遇到。主要表现在由于实验条件不足或者其他限制，从而产生道歉的行为。这是一个非常不专业的行为，因为科研论文的目的就是基于目前的证据(比如现有的数据)得到相应的结论，所以虽然实验或者其他条件有不足，但也能得到一些建议性的结论供后人参考。
非数据支持的新结论。这是一个非常常见的误区，主要表现为两种：一是提出本文数据无法支持的新结论；二是一个比较严重的现象，得到一些以前得到过的结论或者通用结论。比如我在审稿过程中，居然还会发现“气体的流动是由于气压差形成的”这种通用结论，给人一种“言之无物”的感觉。
多观点没有重点。这个反应在介绍本文中一切所涉猎到的观点并列举表达，造成了一个非常冗长没有重点的结论。结论部分应该着重于论文的主要结论，特别是那些与研究目的或者创新性结合比较紧密的结论。所以一般建议结论部分总结2-4个最重要的结论，并说明背后的原因、含义以及意义等。
案例分析¶
我们先看一个案例 (全文请参考https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.04.003)：
“This manuscript studies the application of MESs in different means of transportation. MESs are based on combination of different sources, such as FCs, batteries, diesel engines, and gensets. Several examples of practical applications of MESs are discussed throughout the paper. It can be concluded from the consideration of the examples of this work that MESs have a promising potential to enhance the performance of the existed vehicles in terms of efficiency, availability, durability, and system cost. On the one hand, the concept of MES is able to push all the vehicles in different modes of transportation towards becoming green. In this regard, the fossil fuel based power sources can be replaced by cleaner ones, such as FCs and batteries, as reviewed in the manuscript. On the other hand, this concept can improve the overall performance of the vehicles, by bringing different sources of power with different characteristics together. In this way, these sources can complement one another. The last worth-highlighting point is that the vehicles which are composed of modular FC stacks and batteries seem to be more efficient and reliable compared to the ones with solely one FC and one battery. In fact, such systems benefit from degraded mode operation mode, higher degree of freedom for control, and more efficiency zones due to having modular sources. These merits are making these systems more prevalent among the vehicles in different means of transportation.”
这篇论文主要研究了模块能源系统在不同车辆系统中的比较和应用。我们看完以后可以发现这个结论写的挺好的，但还有几个可以改进的地方：
如果单独看这个结论时，我们发现研究背景和挑战没有介绍，造成阅读有一些突兀。另外一个缩写词也不知道其具体的含义，比如MESs和FCs。研究背景和挑战可以通读全文总结为“The selection of modular energy system (MES) in vehicles is still challenging under many considerations (e.g., efficiency, availability, durability, and cost in the vehicular applications).”
论文的研究意义没有介绍。可以总结为“The research outcome of this study could provide a technical basis in selecting MES for various types of vehicles.”
Future work虽然是非必要项，但如果有的话写上会是一个加分项，比如“Future works can be focusing on developing new hierarchical control for MESs to preserve the operational integrity of the system.”
综上所述，该结论可以改为(其中的括号和数字只是起阅读指示和分节作用)：
- (1) The selection of modular energy system (MES) in vehicles is still challenging under many considerations (e.g., efficiency, availability, durability, and cost in the vehicular applications).
- (2)This research studies the application of MESs in different means of transportation, where several examples of practical applications of MESs are also discussed. Several conclusions can be addressed here:
- (3)It can be concluded from the consideration of the examples of this work that MESs have a promising potential to enhance the performance of the existed vehicles in terms of efficiency, availability, durability, and system cost.
- (4)The concept of MES can push all the vehicles in different modes of transportation towards becoming green. This concept can improve the overall performance of the vehicles, by bringing different sources of power with different characteristics together. In this way, these sources can complement one another.
- (5)The last worth-highlighting point is that the vehicles which are composed of modular fuel cell (FC) stacks and batteries seem to be more efficient and reliable compared to the ones with solely one FC and one battery. Such systems benefit from degraded mode operation mode, a higher degree of freedom for control, and more efficiency zones due to having modular sources. These merits are making these systems more prevalent among the vehicles in different means of transportation.
- (6) The research outcome of this study could provide a technical basis in selecting MES for various types of vehicles.
- (7)Future works can be focusing on developing new hierarchical control for MESs to preserve the operational integrity of the system.”
参考资料